Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface to the second edition -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Fetal nutrition -- The influence of maternal nutrition on fetal nutrient supply -- Fetal nutrition before placentation is established -- Fetal nutrition after placentation is established -- Oxygen consumption -- Glucose metabolism -- Lactate metabolism -- Amino acid metabolism -- Fatty acid metabolism -- Fetal growth factors and fetal nutrition -- The placenta and fetal nutrition -- Response of the fetus to a reduction in substrate supply -- Paraplacental routes of nutrition -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 2 Determinants of intrauterine growth -- Size matters -- Intrauterine growth -- Definitions of normal and abnormal intrauterine growth -- Determinants of intrauterine growth -- Genomic imprinting and epigenetic mechanisms -- Nutrition -- Hormones -- Concluding remarks -- REFERENCES -- 3 Aspects of fetoplacental nutrition in intrauterine growth restriction and macrosomia -- Introduction -- Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) -- Growth rates in utero and IUGR -- Symmetrical and asymmetrical IUGR -- Development of IUGR placental vasculature -- Alterations in placental nutrient transfer in IUGR -- Macrosomia -- Placental development and function in diabetic pregnancy -- The hormonal environment associated with macrosomia -- REFERENCES -- 4 Postnatal growth in preterm infants -- Introduction -- Early weight loss -- Fetal growth reference standards -- Assessment of growth -- Body composition -- Postnatal growth in the preterm infant -- Predischarge growth -- Post-discharge growth -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 5 Thermal regulation and effects on nutrient substrate metabolism -- Changes in the thermal environment at birth -- Thermal changes -- The baby's response to becoming cold -- The baby's response to heat -- Cold Injury -- Pathological associations with over-heating -- Clinical interventions -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 6 Development and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract -- Digestion and absorption -- Mucosal differentiation -- Gastrointestinal hormones and peptides -- Pancreas and liver -- Digestion of carbohydrates -- Digestion of lipids -- Digestion of protein -- The role of nutrients -- Host defenses -- Gut flora -- The innate immune system -- The immune system -- The role of nutrients in host defense -- REFERENCES -- 7 Metabolic programming as a consequence of the nutritional environment during fetal and the immediate postnatal periods -- Normal fetal/neonatal development -- Metabolic programming due to altered early life nutritional experiences -- Animal models for fetal programming -- Maternal protein restriction -- Immediate effects observed in fetal and neonatal life -- Persistent effects observed in adult life -- Global caloric restriction -- Pregnancy complicated with diabetes -- Concluding remarks on fet