Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of tables -- 1 Why illicit drug-related deaths matter -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Why illicit drug-related deaths matter -- 1.2.1 Ethical responsibility to prevent avoidable death -- 1.2.2 Costs to society -- 1.2.3 Natural history of drug use -- 1.2.4 Families of drug users -- 1.3 What do we need to know about illicit drug-related mortality? -- 1.4 Summary -- 2 The global epidemiology of illicit drug use -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Drug use or drug use problems? -- 2.3 How common is illicit drug use? -- 2.3.1 Cannabis -- 2.3.2 Amphetamine-type stimulants -- 2.3.3 Cocaine -- 2.3.4 Heroin and other opioids -- 2.4 Risk factors for illicit drug use -- 2.5 Summary -- 3 Mortality amongst illicit drug users -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Problems in estimating mortality -- 3.3 Mortality amongst illicit drug users -- 3.4 Factors associated with illicit drug-related mortality -- 3.4.1 Drug class -- 3.4.2 Gender -- 3.4.3 Age -- 3.4.4 Length of drug use career -- 3.4.5 Drug-dependence treatment -- 3.4.6 Disease -- 3.4.7 Psychosocial functioning -- 3.5 Major causes of death amongst illicit drug users -- 3.5.1 Drug overdose -- 3.5.2 Disease -- 3.5.3 Suicide -- 3.5.4 Trauma -- 3.6 Summary of illicit drug mortality -- 4 Mortality and drug overdose -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Rates of overdose -- 4.3 Demography of overdose -- 4.3.1 Opioids -- 4.3.2 Cocaine -- 4.3.3 Amphetamines -- 4.3.4 MDMA -- 4.4 Mechanisms of overdose -- 4.4.1 Opioids -- 4.4.2 Cocaine -- 4.4.3 Amphetamines -- 4.4.4 MDMA -- 4.5 Toxicology of overdose -- 4.5.1 Opioids -- 4.5.2 Cocaine -- 4.5.3 Amphetamines -- 4.5.4 MDMA -- 4.6 Risk factors for overdose -- 4.6.1 Demographics -- 4.6.2 Tolerance -- 4.6.3 Purity -- 4.6.4 Polydrug use -- 4.6.5 Route of administration -- 4.7 Summary of mortality and overdose -- 5 Illicit drug use and disease -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 HIV/AIDS -- 5.2.1 Prevalence and rates of AIDS mortality -- 5.2.2 Risk factors for HIV transmission and mortality -- 5.3 HCV -- 5.3.1 Prevalence and rates of mortality associated with HCV -- 5.3.2 Risk factors for HCV transmission and mortality -- 5.4 Acute infections due to injecting drug use -- 5.5 Cardiovascular pathology -- 5.5.1 Psychostimulant users -- 5.5.2 Cannabis users -- 5.6 Cancer and cannabis use -- 5.7 Summary -- 6 Mortality and suicide -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Suicide amongst the general population -- 6.3 Suicide amongst illicit drug users -- 6.4 Methods of suicide -- 6.5 Risk factors -- 6.5.1 Demographics -- 6.5.2 Psychopathology -- 6.5.3 Family dysfunction -- 6.5.4 Social isolation -- 6.5.5 Drug use -- 6.6 Summary of mortality and suicide -- 7 Mortality and trauma -- 7.1 Intr