Diffusion MRI Outside the Brain : A Case-Based Review and Clinical Applications
https://libcat.nshealth.ca/en/permalink/provcat31120
Antonio Luna, Ramón Ribes, Jorge A. Soto.
--Berlin, Heidelberg:
Springer
, c2012.
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Diffusion MRI allows indirect estimation of the perfusion and cellularity of normal and abnormal tissues and has conventionally been used in the brain in order to evaluate ischemia, tumors, and other conditions. Application in other parts of the body has been hampered by the occurrence of motion and susceptibility artifacts. However, recent advances in MR technology are overcoming these hurdles, allowing the use of diffusion MRI in organs outside the brain. In this book, the authors present cas…
- Available Online
- View e-Book
- Author
- Luna, Antonio
- Other Authors
- Ribes, Ramón
- Soto, Jorge A
- Responsibility
- Antonio Luna, Ramón Ribes, Jorge A. Soto
- Place of Publication
- Berlin, Heidelberg
- Publisher
- Springer
- Date of Publication
- c2012
- Physical Description
- 1 online resource (xxi, 400 p. : 161 ill., 69 ill. in color)
- ISBN
- 9783642210525
- Subjects (MeSH)
- Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods
- Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Case Reports
- Subjects (LCSH)
- Radiology, Medical
- Diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
- Diffusion MRI allows indirect estimation of the perfusion and cellularity of normal and abnormal tissues and has conventionally been used in the brain in order to evaluate ischemia, tumors, and other conditions. Application in other parts of the body has been hampered by the occurrence of motion and susceptibility artifacts. However, recent advances in MR technology are overcoming these hurdles, allowing the use of diffusion MRI in organs outside the brain. In this book, the authors present cases drawn from daily clinical practice to illustrate the role of diffusion sequences, along with other morphological and functional MRI information, in the work-up of a variety of frequently encountered oncological and non-oncological diseases. Breast, musculoskeletal, whole-body, and other applications are covered in detail, with careful explanation of the pros and cons of diffusion MRI in each circumstance. Quantification and post-processing are discussed, and advice is provided on how to acquire state of the art images, and avoid artifacts, when using 1.5- and 3-T magnets. Applications likely to emerge in the near future, such as for screening, are also reviewed. The practical approach adopted by the authors, combined with the wealth of high-quality illustrations, ensures that this book will be of great value to practitioners.
- Contents
- [Machine generated contents note] 1. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging: Acquisition and Biophysical Basis / Javier Lafuente-Martinez -- 1.1. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging: Physical Basis and Types of Acquisition -- 1.2. Fat Suppression Techniques -- 1.2.1. Advanced Fat Suppression Techniques -- 1.3. Motion Control -- 1.4. Non-Single-Shot EPI Acquisition -- Further Reading -- 2. How to Identify and Avoid Artifacts on DWI / Javier Sanchez-Gonzalez -- 2.1. Optimization of Signal to Noise Ratio -- 2.2. Geometrical Distortion Artifacts -- 2.3. Motion Artifacts -- 2.4. Eddy Currents Artifacts -- 2.5. Fat Suppression Artifacts -- 2.6. Dielectric Shielding Artifacts -- 2.7. Tips in DWI Sequence Design for Body Applications -- Further Reading -- 3. Quantification and Postprocessing of DWI / Antonio Luna -- 3.1. Biophysical Basis -- 3.2. Estimation of Quantitative Data -- 3.2.1. ADC and eADC Estimation with Two and Multiple b-Values -- 3.2.2. Multiexponential Modeling of Diffusion -- 3.2.3. Diffusion Tensor Imaging -- 3.3. DWI Analysis and Postprocessing -- 3.3.1. Diffusion Registration -- 3.3.2. DWI Analysis and Postprocessing -- 3.3.3. ADC Analysis -- Further Reading -- 4. DWI at 3 T: Advantages, Disadvantages, Pitfalls, and Advanced Clinical Applications / Antonio Luna -- 4.1. DWI at 3 T -- 4.1.1. Advanced Clinical Applications at 3 T Magnets -- 4.2. Pitfalls in DWI -- 4.2.1. T2 Shine-Through -- 4.2.2. T2 Dark-Through -- 4.2.3. Restriction of Normal Structures -- 4.2.4. Iron Overload -- 4.2.5. Nonmalignant Lesions with Apparent Restrictions on DWI -- 4.2.6. Tumors with Low Cellular Density -- 4.3. Conclusions -- Further Reading -- 5. DWI of the Liver / Luis Luna -- 5.1. Background -- 5.2. DWI: Basic Concepts -- 5.3. DWI: Basic Sequence Design -- 5.4. Quantification -- 5.5. Other Techniques -- 5.6. Clinical Applications in Liver Disease -- 5.6.1. Focal Liver Lesion Detection -- 5.6.2. Characterization of Focal Liver Lesions -- 5.6.3. Benign Focal Liver Lesions -- 5.6.4. Malignant Focal Liver Lesions -- 5.6.5. Focal Liver Lesions in the Cirrhotic Liver -- 5.6.6. Monitoring Response to Treatment -- 5.6.7. Diffuse Liver Disease -- 5.7. Conclusions -- Further Reading -- 6. Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging of the Pancreas / Nagaraj Holalkere -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Pancreatic Cancer -- 6.3. Cystic Masses -- 6.4. Other Applications -- 6.5. Biliary Tract -- Case 6.1 Mass-Forming Focal Pancreatitis -- Case 6.2 Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma -- Case 6.3 Serous Cystadenoma -- Case 6.4 Pancreatic Pseudocyst -- Case 6.5 Von Hippel Lindau Disease with Simple Pancreatic Cysts -- Case 6.6 Mucinous Cystadenoma -- Case 6.7 Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm -- Case 6.8 Sclerosing Pancreatitis and Peripancreatic Collection -- Case 6.9 Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma -- Case 6.10 Acute Cholecystitis -- Further Reading -- 7. Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging of the Renal and Adrenal Glands / Jorge A. Soto -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Technique -- 7.3. Renal DWI -- 7.4. Adrenal DWI -- Case 7.1 Papillary Cell Carcinoma -- Case 7.2 Cystic Clear Cell Carcinoma -- Case 7.3 Hemorrhagic Renal Cyst -- Case 7.4 Lymph Node Metastasis -- Case 7.5 Alternative to Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging -- Case 7.6 Recurrent Renal Cancer -- Case 7.7 Adrenal Metastatic Lesion -- Case 7.8 Lipid Rich Adrenal Adenoma -- Case 7.9 Adrenal Hematoma -- Case 7.10 Collision Tumor -- Further Reading -- 8. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Prostate, Bladder, and Retroperitoneum / Antonio Luna -- 8.1. DWI of Prostate -- 8.1.1. Biophysical Basis -- 8.1.2. Technical Adjustments -- 8.1.3. DWI of the Prostate at 3 T -- 8.1.4. Benign Conditions -- 8.1.5. Cancer Detection -- 8.1.6. Cancer Localization -- 8.1.7. Tumoral Grading and Local Staging (T-Staging) -- 8.1.8. N and M Staging -- 8.1.9. Posttreatment Monitorization, Detection of Recurrence, and Prediction of Response to Treatment -- 8.1.10. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) -- 8.2. Applications of DWI in Bladder Cancer -- 8.3. Assessment of the Retroperitoneum with DWI -- Case 8.1 Evaluation of Prostatic Cancer with DWI at 3 T Magnet -- Case 8.2 Chronic Prostatitis -- Case 8.3 Central Gland Prostate Cancer -- Case 8.4 Bilateral Peripheral Prostate Cancer -- Case 8.5 Seminal Vesicles Infiltration -- Case 8.6 Monitorization of Response to Hormonal Therapy in a Patient with Prostate Cancer and Metastatic Pelvic Lymph Nodes -- Case 8.7 Local Recurrence After Brachytherapy -- Case 8.8 Local Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy -- Case 8.9 Bladder Carcinoma -- Case 8.10 Recurrent Retroperitoneal Leiomyosarcoma -- Further Reading -- 9. Use of DWI in Female Pelvis / Jorge A. Soto -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Normal Appearance of Uterus and Cervix on DWI -- 9.3. Clinical Applications -- 9.3.1. Cervical Carcinoma -- 9.3.2. Endometrial Cancer -- 9.3.3. Myometrium -- 9.3.4. Characterization of Ovarian Masses -- 9.3.5. Assessment of Peritoneal Spread of Ovarian Carcinoma -- 9.3.6. Vagina and Vulva -- Case 9.1 Residual Cervical Carcinoma -- Case 9.2 Characterization of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma -- Case 9.3 Early Endometrial Adenocarcinoma -- Case 9.4 Adenomyosis -- Case 9.5 Uterine Leiomyoma -- Case 9.6 Adnexal Endometrioma -- Case 9.7 Ovarian Fibroma -- Case 9.8 Didelphus Uterus and Ovarian Dermoid Tumor -- Case 9.9 Ovarian Carcinoma -- Case 9.10 Vulvar Sarcoma -- Further Reading -- 10. DWI of the Breast / Antonio Luna -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Quantification in Breast DWI -- 10.3. Assessment of Breast Lesions -- 10.4. Technical Considerations of Breast DWI -- 10.5. Breast Cancer: Monitorization and Prediction of Response to Treatment with DWI -- 10.6. Breast Cancer: Screening and Staging with DWI -- Case 10.1 Invasive Ductal Carcinoma -- Case 10.2 Pure Mucinous Carcinoma -- Case 10.3 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ -- Case 10.4 Fibroadenoma -- Case 10.5 Borderline Phyllodes Tumor -- Case 10.6 Infiltrating Lobulillar Carcinoma -- Case 10.7 Invasive Lobulillar Carcinoma-IVIM Approach -- Case 10.8 Post-treatment Monitorization of Lobulillar Carcinoma -- Case 10.9 Post-treatment Monitorization of Multifocal Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma -- Case 10.10 Recurrent Invasive Ductal Carcinoma -- Further Reading -- 11. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Peritoneum / Antonio Luna -- 11.1. Malignant Lesions of GI Tract on DWI -- 11.1.1. Colorectal Carcinoma -- 11.1.2. Stomach -- 11.1.3. Small Bowel Tumors -- 11.1.4. Esophagus -- 11.2. Inflammatory Diseases -- 11.2.1. Acute Appendicitis -- 11.2.2. Acute Diverticulitis -- 11.2.3. Colitis and Enteritis -- 11.2.4. Epiploic Appendagitis and Omental Infarction -- 11.3. Evaluation of the Peritoneum -- Case 11.1 Colon Carcinoma -- Case 11.2 Gastric Carcinoma -- Case 11.3 Gastric Lymphoma -- Case 11.4 Duodenal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma -- Case 11.5 Esophageal Carcinoma -- Case 11.6 Acute Appendicitis -- Case 11.7 Acute Diverticulitis with Abscess Formation -- Case 11.8 Crohn’s Disease-Active Inflammation -- Case 11.9 Crohn’s Disease: Fibrostenotic Stage -- Case 11.10 Peritoneal Metastases of Ovarian Carcinoma -- Further Reading -- 12. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Anorectal Region / Antonio Luna -- 12.1. Technical Considerations -- 12.2. Clinical Applications -- 12.2.1. Rectal Cancer Detection -- 12.2.2. Rectal Cancer Staging -- 12.2.3. Prediction of Rectal Cancer Outcome and Early Detection of Tumor Response -- 12.2.4. Posttreatment Restaging and Detection of Recurrence -- 12.2.5. Applications of DWI in Other Rectal Tumors -- 12.2.6. Inflammatory Conditions -- 12.2.7. Evaluation of Fistula-In-Ano -- 12.3. Conclusions -- Case 12.1 T1-Stage Concurrent Carcinomatous Rectal Polyps -- Case 12.2 Detection of Mesorectal Lymphadenopathies Using DWI -- Case 12.3 Prediction of Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment -- Case 12.4 Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Rectum with Poor Response to Treatment -- Case 12.5 Diagnosis and Monitoring of Presacral Recurrence of Rectal Carcinoma -- Case 12.6 Cystic Retrorectal Hamartoma or Tailgut Cyst -- Case 12.7 Monitorization of Response to Treatment with Imatinib of a Rectal GIST -- Case 12.8 Perirectal Abscess Secondary to Postsurgical Dehiscence of Sutures -- Case 12.9 Complicated Acute Diverticulitis -- Case 12.10 Crohn’s Disease and Perianal Fistulas -- Further Reading -- 13. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in the Evaluation of Lung, Mediastinum, Heart, and Chest Wall / Javier Sanchez-Gonzalez -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Technical Considerations -- 13.3. Clinical Applications -- 13.3.1. Detection of Pulmonary Nodules -- 13.3.2. Pulmonary Nodule Characterization -- 13.3.3. Lung Cancer Evaluation -- 13.3.4. Staging of NSCLC with DWI -- 13.3.5. Mediastinum -- 13.3.6. Pleural Disease -- 13.3.7. Hyperpolarized Gases DWI -- 13.3.8. Chest Wall -- 13.3.9. Cardiac DWI and DTI -- 13.4. Conclusions -- Case 13.1 Synchronization on Chest DWI -- Case 13.2 Pulmonary Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma -- Case 13.3 Solitary Benign Lung Nodule in an Asymptomatic Patient -- Case 13.4 Histological Grading and Prediction of Response and Posttreatment Monitorization of Lung Adenocarcinoma -- Case 13.5 Distinction of Central Bronchogenic Carcinoma and Peripheral Obstructive Atelectasis -- Case 13.6 Staging and Posttreatment Monitorization of Small Cell Lung Carcinoma -- Case 13.7 Exudative Pleural Effusion -- Case 13.8 Chronic and Occult Acute Rib Fractures -- Case 13.9 Pericardial Neuroblastoma -- Case 13.10 Ex Vivo DTI of a Pig Heart -- Further Reading -- 14. Role of DWI in the Evaluation of Tumors of the Head and Neck and in the Assessment of Lymph Nodes / Antonio Luna -- 14.1. DWI in Head and Neck Regions -- 14.1.1. Technical Aspects and Field-Strength -- 14.1.2. Characterization of Benign and Malignant Tumors -- 14.1.3. Salivary Gland Tumors -- 14.1.4. Monitoring and Predicting Response to Treatment -- 14.1.5. Detection of Recurrence -- 14.2. Evaluation of Lymph Nodes With DWI -- 14.2.1. Evaluation of Cervical Lymph Nodes -- 14.2.2. DWI of Lymph Nodes in Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis -- Case 14.1 Intraorbital Metastasis from Retroperitoneal Leiomyosarcoma -- Case 14.2 Oropharynx Cancer with Nodal Metastases -- Case 14.3 Superficial Giant Neurofibroma -- Case 14.4 Cervical Esophageal Cancer -- Case 14.5 Recurrent Lingual Carcinoma -- Case 14.6 Cellulitis and Sialadenitis of Parotid Gland with Abscess Formation -- Case 14.7 Nodal and Local Recurrence of Parotid Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- Case 14.8 Posttreatment Monitorization and Prediction of Response to Treatment of Occult Cavum Carcinoma with Metastatic Cervical Lymph Nodes -- Case 14.9 Nodal Metastasis in the Neck from Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- Case 14.10 Vertebral, Nodal, and Peritoneal Metastases of Surgically Removed Endometrial Cancer -- Further Reading -- 15. Musculoskeletal Applications of DWI / Elda Balliu -- 15.1. DWI Sequences -- 15.2. Clinical Applications -- 15.2.1. Bone Marrow Assessment -- 15.2.2. Evaluation of the Spine -- 15.2.3. Soft-tissue Tumors -- 15.2.4. Postreatment Monitorization -- 15.2.5. Infection and Inflammation -- 15.2.6. Bone Ischemia and Trauma -- 15.2.7. Cartilage -- 15.3. New Approaches to DWI of the Musculoskeletal System -- Case 15.1 Bone Plasmacytoma -- Case 15.2 Benign Vertebral Fracture -- Case 15.3 Spondylodiscitis -- Case 15.4 Liposclerosing Myxofibrous Tumor -- Case 15.5 Chronic Popliteal Cyst -- Case 15.6 Recurrent Malignant Soft Tissue Tumor -- Case 15.7 Postsurgical Follow-up of Degenerative Disk Disease -- Case 15.8 Diabetic Osteomyelitis and Neuropathic Foot -- Case 15.9 Pelvic Abscesses Secondary to Symphysis Pubis Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis -- Case 15.10 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- Further Reading -- 16. Whole-Body Applications of DWI / Antonio Luna -- 16.1. General and Technical Considerations -- 16.2. Oncological Applications -- 16.3. Comparison of WB-DWI to PET and PET-CT -- 16.4. Non Oncological Applications -- Case 16.1 Multifocal Bone Tuberculosis -- Case 16.2 Bone Metastases from Breast Cancer -- Case 16.3 Bone and Lymph Node Metastases from Prostate Cancer -- Case 16.4 Multiple Myeloma -- Case 16.5 Bone Metastases from Unknown Primary -- Case 16.6 Liver and Bone Metastases from Lung Cancer -- Case 16.7 Search for the Primary Neoplasm in a Patient with Hepatic Metastases -- Case 16.8 Staging and Posttreatment Monitorization of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in a Pregnant Woman -- Case 16.9 Unique Spleen Metastasis from Rectal Cancer -- Case 16.10 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 -- Further Reading.
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